Abstract:
Parkinson´s disease (PD)is the second most common movement disorder in elderly people. The pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) which leads to an imbalance of neurotransmitters and alterations in brain metabolism. The cell loss is progressive and affects over time the entire nervous system, which is mainly reflected by motor symptoms like rigidity and resting tremor. Transcranial ultrasound (TCS) allows to visualize changes in the echomorphology of the SN. These changes (hyperechogenicity) which are caused by increased iron deposition can be detected in 90% of patients. Interestingly, similar abnormalities can be found in 40% of the patient´s relatives.
The aim of this study was to find out, if there is a correlation between hyperechogenicity and 1H-Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) of the SN. Until now technical challenges have so far largely prevented the successful use of nigral MRS to characterize PD. Firstly the size of the SN is very small for using conventional field strengths and secondly the high iron content inherently results in peak broadening limiting the accuracy of metabolite estimation.
So we wanted to know, if it is possible to obtain good quality 1HMR spectra of the SN by using Chemical shift imaging (CSI) as a special localization technique. Therefore we minimized the so far used voxelsize and applied a special software which provides subsequently manual optimization of voxelposition.
Afterwards we analyzed spectra of SN bilaterally in five cohorts consisting of patients with idiopathic and monogenetic PD (n=22), their healthy relatives with and without hyperechogenicity (n=21) and a healthy control group (n=10) to identify possible differences in metabolite patterns.
The obtained spectra provide that under the mentioned terms aquisition of metabolite profiles in SN is possible. Except of the metabolites Glutamate (Glu) and Glx (Glu and Glutamine), metabolites like Creatin (Cr), N-Acetylaspartate (NAA), N-acetylaspartyl-glutamate (NAAG), Glycero-Phosphocholine (GPC), myo-Inositol (mI) are well measurable with a standard deviation below 20%. We found increased values for NAA and GPC and their ratios to Creatine in patients compared to controls. So far NAA-increase in SN has only been described once. It could also been shown, that relatives who were conspicious in TCS showed similar values for NAA and GPC like patients. This is very interesting against the background of neuroprotective medication. Furthermore there seems to be a correlation between changes in metabolite concentrations and the size of the hyperechogenic area in the SN. Further studies are needed to establish metabolite detection as a new in vivo marker for Parkinson´s disease.