Abstract:
Sodium retention is the hallmark of nephrotic syndrome (NS) and is considered as a consequence of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) activation by proteasuria in a proteolytic way. Plasmin is the most adequate serine proteases in urine from nephrotic patients and experimental animal models, and has been proposed indispensable for ENaC activation. However, evidence of the crucial role of plasmin in ENaC activation lacks in vivo. Thus a reliable mouse model developing experimental NS with plasminogen deficiency was needed. In this study, mice with conditional nphs2 deficiency were used for modeling experimental NS (nphs2Δipod mice), based on a podocyte specific deletion of podocin. These mice were crossed with mice lacking plasminogen (Bl6-Plgtm1Jld or plg-/-) to generate a double knockout mouse-model (nphs2Δipod*plg-/-). After a 14-day oral doxycycline treatment, both nphs2Δipod*plg+/+ and nphs2Δipod*plg-/- mice developed NS. Nephrotic mice were investigated for the ENaC activation and sodium retention during follow-up. Nphs2Δipod*plg+/+ and nphs2Δipod*plg-/- mice received the implantation of sustained release pellets containing aprotinin to determine if the serine protease inhibitor prevented sodium retention. Podocin was completely deleted from podocytes in nphs2Δipod mice after doxycycline treatment and recapitulated all the features of NS in patients including massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, severe edema, and hyperlipidemia. Function of kidney and ENaC were not different in uninduced nphs2Δipod*plg-/- mice compared to the wild type mice. Quantitative of proteinuria was similar in both nephrotic nphs2Δipod*plg+/+ and nphs2Δipod*plg-/- mice. Western blot detected plasmin (ogen) in urine from nephrotic nphs2Δipod*plg+/+ mice which was absent in nphs2Δipod*plg-/- mice. The natriuresis response to amiloride was increased similarly in both genotypes after induction of NS compared to the uninduced state, which indicated ENaC activation. The decline of sodium excretion in both genotypes led to body weight increase and edema. Sodium retention and edema were then lost in nephrotic mice 10 days after the end of induction in both genotypes. Treatment with the serine protease inhibitor aprotinin prevented sodium retention in not only nphs2Δipod*plg mice but also in nphs2Δipod*plg-/- mice. In the long-term, and nphs2Δipod*plg-/- mice lost more body weight than nphs2Δipod*plg+/+ mice and had a shorter survival time. In conclusion, a new mouse model with inducible podocin deficiency was characterized featuring all aspects of nephrotic syndrome including sodium retention by ENaC activation. This model is ideal for studying postnatal nphs2 mutation and ENaC activation by proteasuria. Beside, this model is also sufficient for studying chronic kidney disease, and its complications, such as anemia. For the first time, this study indicated that mice lacking plasminogen were not protected from ENaC-mediated sodium retention, even though plasminogen-plasmin was highly abundant in the urine from experimental nephrotic syndrome. In contrast, treatment with serine protease inhibitor aprotinin abolished sodium retention in both genotypes. These findings highlighted that plasmin is not essential for ENaC activation in experimental NS in vivo. The essential aprotinin-sensitive serine protease(s) in NS remains to be identified.