Abstract:
Animals and humans adapt their motor behavior according to environmental and internal changes, such as the appearance of a predator or the increase in anxiety levels, respectively. This adaptation underlies a continuous processing of external sensory information with internal emotional and motivational Information, leading to the facilitation of an appropriate and inhibition of an inappropriate response. Today it is believed that this process, termed response selection, is based on dopamine/glutamate interactions in the nucleus accumbens (NAC) (the input structure of the ventral basal ganglia). It was shown that dopamine in the NAC modulates processing of concurrent glutamate input from limbic structures (e.g. prefrontal cortex or amygdala), which are carrying emotional and motivational information. At the moment it is assumed that the processed limbic information will be directed to the motor cortex where it influences the execution of motor behavior. Alternatively, basal ganglia outflow could also be directed to the brainstem motor system from where it could affect motor behavior by influencing motoneurons in the spinal cord, without passing the cortex.
The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) is part of the brainstem motor system and might be in a position to process basal ganglia outflow information onto motor systems. It is innervated by basal ganglia nuclei (e.g. NAC), dopaminergic midbrain nuclei (e.g. ventral tegmental area) as well as limbic nuclei (e.g. prefrontal cortex) Thus, although the PPTg is positioned deep down in the neural axis it receives the whole spectrum of behavior relevant information (motor and limbic). Moreover, the PPTg is substantially connected with structures of NAC dopamine glutamate interactions: It sends ascending projections to dopaminergic midbrain nuclei as well as to glutamatergic limbic areas and to the NAC. Thus, the PPTg is anatomically integrated into a circuit that modulates functioning of dopamine/glutamate interactions in the NAC. This connectivity links the PPTg to motor and cognitive behaviors and most probably to response selection processes mediated by dopamine/glutamate interactions.
While, a PPTg function in ‘simple’, very basic mechanisms in behavioral control (locomotion or sleep-wake-cycle) is well established, only little is known concerning the role of the PPTg in more complex motivated behaviors like response selection. Nevertheless, from the connections of the PPTg to structures involved in dopamine/glutamate interactions, such a role can be postulated.
For these reasons, we have studied the neurochemical interactions of the PPTg with the basal ganglia (NAC), focusing on the dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems, and the relevance of these interaction for behavior. Therefore, we used immunohistochemical, neurochemical, pharmacological as well as behavioral in vivo techniques. In brief it was found that: (a) neuronal dopamine is released within the PPTg, which can be modulated by afferent transmitter systems (GABA and glutamate); (b) the influence of the PPTg on behavior depends on the motivational state of the animals; (c) an intact PPTg is necessary for the correct execution especially of complex motivated behavior (e.g. in an operant discrimination task); (d) an interaction between PPTg-lesions and manipulations of the dopaminergic as well as glutamatergic system exists, which affect the execution of motivated behavior; (e) pharmacological PPTg-manipulations influence the activity of the dopaminergic system as well as glutamatergic system, which in turn correlates with the performance of complex motivated behavior.
The experiments of this study implicate the PPTg in a network that involves sub-cortical and cortical structures and is responsible for the execution of motivated behavior. Most likely the PPTg directly modulates dopamine/glutamate interaction on the level of the nucleus accumbens, affecting response selection processes and consequently the execution of complex motivated behavior.