Abstract:
This dissertation consists of four independent chapters dealing with the distortionary taxation of labor income.
Chapter 1 analyzes the recently introduced Fringe Benefits Tax, allowing firms to assume the tax on several fringe benefits offered to employees at a flat rate of 30%. This creates incentives to substitute fringe benefits taxed at the 30% level for regularly taxed cash remuneration. Based on a comparison of the marginal cost to the firm for both compensation alternatives it can be shown that wage substitution allows to substantially reduce the total burden of taxes and social security contributions. The benefits can be used to either lower the employer’s compensation costs or increase the employee’s after tax utility. The wage fringe substitution can result in distortions of resource allocation, though, when employee value fringe benefits less than the employer’s cost. Furthermore, the excise tax violates tax equity as high-income earners benefit more from the substitution than low-income earners.
Chapters 2 investigates the proposal of several political parties in Germany, Austria and Switzerland to limit the tax-deductibility of managerial compensation in order to constrain „excessive“ CEO pay and limit taxpayer subsidy of management remuneration. From 2007 to 2010, yearly CEO compensation of about 200 to 800 Mio EUR for only the 80 corporations listed in the DAX and MDAX indices would have been non-deductible with the proposed constraint in place. Based on a linear moral-hazard framework, it is shown that companies would respond to such a tax reform with reduced salaries as well as lower output-based compensation. However, the tax-distorted compensation contracts offer lower incentives for managers, resulting in inefficiently low managerial performance and eventually in lower total tax revenue.
Chapter 3 deals with the tax treatment of Corporate Hospitality, the entertainment of business clients at cultural and sporting events or incentive travel, which has become an ubiquitous business practice. The taxation of the host company and its guests constitutes a difficult task for tax authorities, however. The essay examines the economic motives of Corporate Hospitality and shows that the current tax rules, especially the recently introduced fringe benefits tax, support a legally objectionable practice of large business gifts and also offer tax planning opportunities through consumption on the firm level of business partners.
Chapter 4 analyzes the taxation of workplace benefits, which are often provided by employers to create comfortable working conditions. In order to avoid distortions of the wage-benefit ratio in employee compensation, economic theory suggests that fringe benefits should be subject to income taxation at a value placed on them by employees. In this chapter it is shown that this approach does not apply to workplace benefits. Since the goal of these benefits is to reduce the employees’ disutility from work, treating them simply as wage substitutes disregards their incentive effects. Therefore, the rules for taxing workplace benefits are derived from an agency model. It is shown that in contrast to the standard economic approach, cost can be a more efficient tax base than willingness to pay, even though this results in higher tax payments. Moreover, with non-distortionary tax rates it is always better to tax the employer rather than the employee.