Abstract:
Ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified peptides (RiPPs) represent a structurally diverse group of microbial natural products. Due to their potential antibiotic, antiviral, antifungal, or analgesic effects, there is great interest in the identification of new RiPPs. Particularly promising in this regard are so-called orphaned biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), whose natural product is still unknown. The aim of this work was the experimental investigation of two orphaned RiPP BGCs from Chitinophaga dinghuensis (chd cluster) and Ohtaekwangia koreensis (ohk cluster).
Both clusters were first analyzed bioinformatically and annotated using BLAST. Supplementary structure predictions provided only limited additional insights. This suggests that the maturases under investigation are functionally specialized or enzymes that have not yet been sufficiently characterized.
In the chd cluster, the focus was on the functional analysis of the predicted maturases. In addition to the previously described peptide arginase ChdR, the putative lanthionine dehydratase ChdB and the two lanthionine cyclases ChdC1 and ChdC2 were investigated. ChdR catalyzes the conversion of peptidically bound arginines to ornithine, while ChdB, in combination with ChdC1 and ChdC2, presumably forms two ring structures.
For the ohk cluster, the central focus was on the biochemical characterization of the peptide arginase OhkR from O. koreensis. Through heterologous (co-)expression, the arginase activity of OhkR was clearly confirmed in vivo and in vitro. The localization of the modifications and the determination of the reaction directionality revealed unusual C-to N-terminal processing. Kinetic analyses showed high substrate affinity with simultaneously low turnover rate. Furthermore, OhkR exhibited substrate tolerance toward non-native precursor peptides from a related BGC. Structural predictions and mutation analyses provided clues to sequence motifs that could be relevant for substrate recognition. Co-expressions were also performed with the other maturases of the ohk cluster, but no activity could be detected in these cases.
Overall, this work provides new experimental insights into the enzymatic complexity of RiPP BGCs and contributes to the characterization of different maturases. The results establish a starting point for further analysis of both clusters and for the potential identification of the corresponding natural products.