Abstract:
The growing global demand for sustainable and alternative protein sources has increased interest in edible insects. Their regulatory approval in the European Union as novel food and feed ingredients necessitates reliable analytical methods to ensure food safety, authenticity, and allergen risk assessment. This thesis addresses these challenges by developing and validating mass spectrometry-based proteomic workflows for insect protein characterization, identification, and quantification.
A novel homology-based nano-HPLC-HR-MS approach was established to overcome the major limitation posed by the lack of comprehensive, species-specific protein databases. Up to 1893 proteins were identified across six insect species Acheta domesticus, Locusta migratoria, Tenebrio molitor, Alphitobius diaperinus, Gryllodes sigillatus, and Hermetia illucens, representing up to a 24-fold increase in available proteomic data. Approximately 90% of tested peptides were further confirmed by parallel reaction monitoring, demonstrating the reliability of the workflow. The allergenic potential was assessed and conserved allergens such as tropomyosin were detected across all species, while species-specific allergens indicated further unique allergenic risks.
Species-specific marker peptides and a novel, conserved pan-insect tropomyosin marker were identified and used to develop a targeted immunoaffinity LC-MS/MS assay for authentication and quantification of five insect species, as well as for general insect protein detection. The immunoenrichment strategy enabled efficient sample cleanup following direct in-suspension proteolysis and supported rapid chromatographic separations with a total cycle time of six minutes. The assays’ basic analytical parameters were validated, demonstrating high accuracy, precision, selectivity, and sensitivity. It enabled reliable detection of insect proteins in both commercial products and model food matrices at concentrations relevant for allergen monitoring.
In conclusion, this thesis develops and applies novel analytical tools for the comprehensive proteomic characterization of non-sequenced insect species and delivers methodologies for both qualitative and quantitative detection of insect proteins in food, supporting food safety, traceability, and regulatory compliance.