Abstract:
For many years, p38α MAP kinase has been an intensively studied target for the development of novel therapeutics for autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In addition, p38α MAP kinase is a highly attractive target in cancer therapy due to its involvement in the development, proliferation and metastasis of several tumours (e.g. colon, breast, liver). However, despite intensive research, no p38α MAPK-inhibitor has been approved as a drug. Numerous clinical trials have failed due to lack of clinical efficacy, unacceptable toxicities (e.g. hepatotoxicity) or even poor bioavailability and pharmacokinetics. In Prof. Laufer's research group, a new class of p38α inhibitors was identified, starting with the in-house developed type I inhibitor skepinone-L. These innovative type I½ inhibitors had an extended side chain that enabled them not only to interact with the hydrophobic region I, but also to induce a new R-spine pocket that allowed additional interactions with the kinase, e.g. with the DFG motif. The new type I½ inhibitors showed excellent enzymatic and cellular inhibitory activity, significantly prolonged target residence time (TRT) and outstanding kinase selectivity.
The aim of this thesis is to synthesise new type I½ inhibitors by targeting the R-spine pocket of p38α kinase. Through different variations of the side chain, new structure-activity relationships (SARs) of the type I½ binding class with the hydrophobic region I, the R-spine and the R-spine pocket should be established.
By successfully synthesising a total of 104 compounds, the library of p38α MAPK-inhibitors could be expanded and thus several new SARs were generated and established. The understanding of the interactions of the inhibitors with the HR-I and the R-spine pocket could be extended and improved. Many of these compounds showed excellent inhibitory activities in enzymatic assay systems with IC50 values in the low nanomolar to picomolar range. The data obtained in this work further confirmed the already suspected superiority of a type I½ binding mode over a type I or type II mode and helped to define the R-spine pocket more precisely. In addition, the synthetic access to the dibenzosuberone backbone was further optimised by a five-step reaction sequence with an overall yield of 82 %. A new design concept, a derivatisable type I inhibitor, facilitated access to inhibitors with an additional R-spine motif.